RISHI MARKANDEYA AND THE ISLAND OF BALI: A SPIRITUAL BRIDGE ACROSS THE SEAS

Abstract

The remarkable association of Rishi Markandeya, a revered immortal sage in Indian tradition, with the island of Bali in Indonesia underscores the far-reaching influence of ancient Indian culture across Southeast Asia. Rooted in  Usana Bali (traditional Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts) and Lontar texts, as also in Balinese oral traditions, the narrative of this article highlights Markandeya's pivotal role in introducing the philosophy of Agama Tirtha, the “Religion of Holy Water,” and establishing the sacred Besakih Temple at Mount Agung. According to Balinese lore, Markandeya’s initial expedition to Bali along with his followers failed due to a disease outbreak, most likely cholera, prompting his return to Java. Upon deep introspection and  application of Atharva-vedic knowledge and Rasa Shastra principles, he developed a water purification strategy and returned to Bali. Using the therapeutic principles of the Panch Dhatus, five sacred metals, he sanctified the water sources on the island, by strategically burying these metals at specific points on Mount Agung, especially in the areas around Besakih temple.

This contribution of  Rishi Markandeya to the unique Balinese hydrological and temple systems is maintained to this day. By integrating Vedic teachings with local animistic practices, Markandeya also laid the foundation for Balinese Hinduism, where water rituals such as melukat and sacred springs like Tirta Empul continue to play a central role. His legacy is embedded in Bali’s cultural identity, temple architecture, and ritual practices, illustrating how spiritual and ecological wisdom can be  intertwined to sustain communities. This article underscores the enduring relevance of Markandeya’s contributions, not only in preserving Hindu traditions in Bali but also in demonstrating the role of  traditional knowledge systems in environmental stewardship and health.